Archives and past articles from the Philadelphia Inquirer, Philadelphia Daily News, and Philly. com. Published continually since 1998, NEWS YOU CAN USE was a Blog before Blog was even a word Its intention has been to help inform the football coach and the. We know that our names may influence just about every avenue of our liveswhere we live, the school courses we enroll in, the grades we achieve, the jobs we choose. Printing press Wikipedia. This article is about the historical device. For the modern technology of printing, see printing. A printing press is a device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium such as paper or cloth, thereby transferring the ink. This was a dramatic improvement on earlier printing methods in which the cloth, paper or other medium was brushed or rubbed repeatedly to achieve the transfer of ink, and accelerated the process. Typically used for texts, the invention and spread of the printing press was one of the most influential events in the second millennium. 12The printing press was invented in the Holy Roman Empire by the German. Johannes Gutenberg around 1. Gutenberg, a goldsmith by profession, developed a printing system, by adapting existing technologies to printing purposes, as well as making inventions of his own. His newly devised hand mould made possible the precise and rapid creation of metal movable type in large quantities. Movable type had been hitherto unknown in Europe. In East Asia, where it was invented, the usefulness of movable type was limited by the complexity of the writing system and, without the hand mould, the production of sorts individual letters of type was slow. In Europe, the two inventions, the hand mould and the printing press, together drastically reduced the cost of printing books and other documents, particularly in short print runs. The printing press spread within several decades to over two hundred cities in a dozen European countries. 3 By 1. Western Europe had already produced more than twenty million volumes. 3 In the 1. The operation of a press became synonymous with the enterprise of printing, and lent its name to a new branch of media, the press. 4In Renaissance Europe, the arrival of mechanical movable type printing introduced the era of mass communication, which permanently altered the structure of society. The relatively unrestricted circulation of information and revolutionary ideas transcended borders, captured the masses in the Reformation and threatened the power of political and religious authorities. The sharp increase in literacy broke the monopoly of the literate elite on education and learning and bolstered the emerging middle class. Across Europe, the increasing cultural self awareness of its peoples led to the rise of proto nationalism, and accelerated by the development of European vernacular languages, to the detriment of Latins status as lingua franca. 5 In the 1. Gutenberg style press by steam poweredrotary presses allowed printing on an industrial scale. 6History. Economic conditions and intellectual climate. The rapid economic and socio cultural development of late medieval society in Europe created favorable intellectual and technological conditions for Gutenbergs invention the entrepreneurial spirit of emerging capitalism increasingly made its impact on medieval modes of production, fostering economic thinking and improving the efficiency of traditional work processes. The sharp rise of medieval learning and literacy amongst the middle class led to an increased demand for books which the time consuming hand copying method fell far short of accommodating. 7Technological factors. Technologies preceding the press that led to the presss invention included manufacturing of paper, development of ink, woodblock printing, and distribution of eye glasses. 8 At the same time, a number of medieval products and technological processes had reached a level of maturity which allowed their potential use for printing purposes. Gutenberg took up these far flung strands, combined them into one complete and functioning system, and perfected the printing process through all its stages by adding a number of inventions and innovations of his own. Early modern wine press. Such screw presses were applied in Europe to a wide range of uses and provided Gutenberg with the model for his printing press. The screw press which allowed direct pressure to be applied on flat plane was already of great antiquity in Gutenbergs time and was used for a wide range of tasks. 9 Introduced in the 1st century AD by the Romans, it was commonly employed in agricultural production for pressingwine grapes and olive oil fruit, both of which formed an integral part of the mediterranean and medieval diet. 1. The device was also used from very early on in urban contexts as a cloth press for printing patterns. 1. Gutenberg may have also been inspired by the paper presses which had spread through the German lands since the late 1. Gutenberg adopted the basic design, thereby mechanizing the printing process. 1. Printing, however, put a demand on the machine quite different from pressing. Gutenberg adapted the construction so that the pressing power exerted by the platen on the paper was now applied both evenly and with the required sudden elasticity. To speed up the printing process, he introduced a movable undertable with a plane surface on which the sheets could be swiftly changed. 1. The concept of movable type was not new in the 1. China during the Song dynasty, and was later used in Korea during the Goryeo Dynasty, where metal movable type printing technology was developed in 1. In Europe, sporadic evidence that the typographical principle, the idea of creating a text by reusing individual characters, was well understood and employed in pre Gutenberg Europe had been cropping up since the 1. The known examples range from Germany Prfening inscription to England letter tiles to Italy. 1. However, the various techniques employed imprinting, punching and assembling individual letters did not have the refinement and efficiency needed to become widely accepted. Gutenberg greatly improved the process by treating typesetting and printing as two separate work steps. A goldsmith by profession, he created his type pieces from a lead based alloy which suited printing purposes so well that it is still used today. 1. The mass production of metal letters was achieved by his key invention of a special hand mould, the matrix. 1. The Latin alphabet proved to be an enormous advantage in the process because, in contrast to logographic writing systems, it allowed the type setter to represent any text with a theoretical minimum of only around two dozen different letters. 2. Another factor conducive to printing arose from the book existing in the format of the codex, which had originated in the Roman period. 2. Considered the most important advance in the history of the book prior to printing itself, the codex had completely replaced the ancientscroll at the onset of the Middle Ages 5. AD. 2. 2 The codex holds considerable practical advantages over the scroll format it is more convenient to read by turning pages, is more compact, less costly, and, in particular, unlike the scroll, both recto and verso could be used for writing and printing. 2. A fourth development was the early success of medieval papermakers at mechanizing paper manufacture. The introduction of water powered paper mills, the first certain evidence of which dates to 1. Chinese2. 5 and Muslim papermaking. 2. Papermaking centres began to multiply in the late 1. Italy, reducing the price of paper to one sixth of parchment and then falling further papermaking centers reached Germany a century later. 2. Despite this it appears that the final breakthrough of paper depended just as much on the rapid spread of movable type printing. 2. It is notable that codices of parchment, which in terms of quality is superior to any other writing material,2. Gutenbergs edition of the 4. Bible. 3. 0 After much experimentation, Gutenberg managed to overcome the difficulties which traditional water based inks caused by soaking the paper, and found the formula for an oil based ink suitable for high quality printing with metal type. 3. Function and approach. This woodcut from 1. Such a duo could reach 1. A printing press, in its classical form, is a standing mechanism, ranging from 5 to 7 feet 1. Type, small metal letters that have a raised letter on one end, is arranged into pages and placed in a frame to make a forme, which itself is placed onto a flat stone, bed, or coffin. The text is inked using two balls, pads mounted on handles. The balls were made of dog skin leather, because it has no pores3. This ink was then applied to the text evenly. One damp piece of paper was then taken from a heap of paper and placed on the tympan.
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